Understanding gem5 statistics and output¶
In addition to any information which your simulation script prints out,
after running gem5, there are three files generated in a directory called m5out:
- config.ini
- Contains a list of every SimObject created for the simulation and the values for its parameters.
- config.json
- The same as config.ini, but in json format.
- stats.txt
- A text representation of all of the gem5 statistics registered for the simulation.
Where these files are created can be controlled by
-
--outdir=DIR,-dDIR¶ The directory to be created which hold the gem5 output files, including
config.ini,config.json,stats.txt, and possibly other. The files in this directory are overwritten if they already exist.
config.ini¶
This file is the definitive version of what was simulated. All of the parameters for each SimObject that is simulated, whether they were set in the configuration scripts or the defaults were used, are shown in this file.
Below is pulled from the config.ini generated when the simple.py configuration file from Creating a simple configuration script is run.
[root]
type=Root
children=system
eventq_index=0
full_system=false
sim_quantum=0
time_sync_enable=false
time_sync_period=100000000000
time_sync_spin_threshold=100000000
[system]
type=System
children=clk_domain cpu dvfs_handler mem_ctrl membus
boot_osflags=a
cache_line_size=64
clk_domain=system.clk_domain
default_p_state=UNDEFINED
eventq_index=0
exit_on_work_items=false
init_param=0
kernel=
kernel_addr_check=true
kernel_extras=
kvm_vm=Null
load_addr_mask=18446744073709551615
load_offset=0
mem_mode=timing
...
[system.membus]
type=CoherentXBar
children=snoop_filter
clk_domain=system.clk_domain
default_p_state=UNDEFINED
eventq_index=0
forward_latency=4
frontend_latency=3
p_state_clk_gate_bins=20
p_state_clk_gate_max=1000000000000
p_state_clk_gate_min=1000
point_of_coherency=true
point_of_unification=true
power_model=
response_latency=2
snoop_filter=system.membus.snoop_filter
snoop_response_latency=4
system=system
use_default_range=false
width=16
master=system.cpu.interrupts.pio system.cpu.interrupts.int_slave system.mem_ctrl.port
slave=system.cpu.icache_port system.cpu.dcache_port system.cpu.interrupts.int_master system.system_port
[system.membus.snoop_filter]
type=SnoopFilter
eventq_index=0
lookup_latency=1
max_capacity=8388608
system=system
Here we see that at the beginning of the description of each SimObject is first it’s name as created in the configuration file surrounded by square brackets (e.g., [system.membus]).
Next, every parameter of the SimObject is shown with it’s value, including parameters not explicitly set in the configuration file.
For instance, the configuration file sets the clock domain to be 1 GHz (1000 ticks in this case).
However, it did not set the cache line size (which is 64 in the system) object.
The config.ini file is a valuable tool for ensuring that you are simulating what you think you’re simulating.
There are many possible ways to set default values, and to override default values, in gem5.
It is a “best-practice” to always check the config.ini as a sanity check that values set in the configuration file are propagated to the actual SimObject instantiation.
stats.txt¶
gem5 has a flexible statistics generating system. gem5 statistics is covered in some detail on the gem5 wiki site. Each instantiation of a SimObject has it’s own statistics. At the end of simulation, or when special statistic-dumping commands are issued, the current state of the statistics for all SimObjects is dumped to a file.
First, the statistics file contains general statistics about the execution:
---------- Begin Simulation Statistics ----------
sim_seconds 0.000346 # Number of seconds simulated
sim_ticks 345518000 # Number of ticks simulated
final_tick 345518000 # Number of ticks from beginning of simulation (restored from checkpoints and never reset)
sim_freq 1000000000000 # Frequency of simulated ticks
host_inst_rate 144400 # Simulator instruction rate (inst/s)
host_op_rate 260550 # Simulator op (including micro ops) rate (op/s)
host_tick_rate 8718625183 # Simulator tick rate (ticks/s)
host_mem_usage 778640 # Number of bytes of host memory used
host_seconds 0.04 # Real time elapsed on the host
sim_insts 5712 # Number of instructions simulated
sim_ops 10314 # Number of ops (including micro ops) simulated
———- Begin Simulation Statistics ———- sim_seconds 0.000508 # Number of seconds simulated sim_ticks 507841000 # Number of ticks simulated final_tick 507841000 # Number of ticks from beginning of simulation (restored from checkpoints and never reset) sim_freq 1000000000000 # Frequency of simulated ticks host_inst_rate 157744 # Simulator instruction rate (inst/s) host_op_rate 284736 # Simulator op (including micro ops) rate (op/s) host_tick_rate 14017997125 # Simulator tick rate (ticks/s) host_mem_usage 642808 # Number of bytes of host memory used host_seconds 0.04 # Real time elapsed on the host sim_insts 5712 # Number of instructions simulated sim_ops 10313 # Number of ops (including micro ops) simulated
The statistic dump begins with ---------- Begin Simulation Statistics ----------.
There may be multiple of these in a single file if there are multiple statistic dumps during the gem5 execution.
This is common for long running applications, or when restoring from checkpoints.
Each statistic has a name (first column), a value (second column), and a description (last column preceded by #).
Most of the statistics are self explanatory from their descriptions.
A couple of important statistics are sim_seconds which is the total simulated time for the simulation, sim_insts which is the number of instructions committed by the CPU, and host_inst_rate which tells you the performance of gem5.
Next, the SimObjects’ statistics are printed. For instance, the memory controller statistics. This has information like the bytes read by each component and the average bandwidth used by those components.
system.clk_domain.voltage_domain.voltage 1 # Voltage in Volts
system.clk_domain.clock 1000 # Clock period in ticks
system.mem_ctrl.pwrStateResidencyTicks::UNDEFINED 507841000 # Cumulative time (in ticks) in various power states
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_read::cpu.inst 58264 # Number of bytes read from this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_read::cpu.data 7167 # Number of bytes read from this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_read::total 65431 # Number of bytes read from this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_inst_read::cpu.inst 58264 # Number of instructions bytes read from this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_inst_read::total 58264 # Number of instructions bytes read from this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_written::cpu.data 7160 # Number of bytes written to this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bytes_written::total 7160 # Number of bytes written to this memory
system.mem_ctrl.num_reads::cpu.inst 7283 # Number of read requests responded to by this memory
system.mem_ctrl.num_reads::cpu.data 1084 # Number of read requests responded to by this memory
system.mem_ctrl.num_reads::total 8367 # Number of read requests responded to by this memory
system.mem_ctrl.num_writes::cpu.data 941 # Number of write requests responded to by this memory
system.mem_ctrl.num_writes::total 941 # Number of write requests responded to by this memory
system.mem_ctrl.bw_read::cpu.inst 114728823 # Total read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_read::cpu.data 14112685 # Total read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_read::total 128841507 # Total read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_inst_read::cpu.inst 114728823 # Instruction read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_inst_read::total 114728823 # Instruction read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_write::cpu.data 14098901 # Write bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_write::total 14098901 # Write bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_total::cpu.inst 114728823 # Total bandwidth to/from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_total::cpu.data 28211586 # Total bandwidth to/from this memory (bytes/s)
system.mem_ctrl.bw_total::total 142940409 # Total bandwidth to/from this memory (bytes/s)
Later in the file is the CPU statistics, which contains information on the number of syscalls, the number of branches, total committed instructions, etc.
system.cpu.dtb.walker.pwrStateResidencyTicks::UNDEFINED 507841000 # Cumulative time (in ticks) in various power states
system.cpu.dtb.rdAccesses 1084 # TLB accesses on read requests
system.cpu.dtb.wrAccesses 941 # TLB accesses on write requests
system.cpu.dtb.rdMisses 9 # TLB misses on read requests
system.cpu.dtb.wrMisses 7 # TLB misses on write requests
system.cpu.apic_clk_domain.clock 16000 # Clock period in ticks
system.cpu.interrupts.pwrStateResidencyTicks::UNDEFINED 507841000 # Cumulative time (in ticks) in various power states
system.cpu.itb.walker.pwrStateResidencyTicks::UNDEFINED 507841000 # Cumulative time (in ticks) in various power states
system.cpu.itb.rdAccesses 0 # TLB accesses on read requests
system.cpu.itb.wrAccesses 7284 # TLB accesses on write requests
system.cpu.itb.rdMisses 0 # TLB misses on read requests
system.cpu.itb.wrMisses 31 # TLB misses on write requests
system.cpu.workload.numSyscalls 11 # Number of system calls
system.cpu.pwrStateResidencyTicks::ON 507841000 # Cumulative time (in ticks) in various power states
system.cpu.numCycles 507841 # number of cpu cycles simulated
system.cpu.numWorkItemsStarted 0 # number of work items this cpu started
system.cpu.numWorkItemsCompleted 0 # number of work items this cpu completed
system.cpu.committedInsts 5712 # Number of instructions committed
system.cpu.committedOps 10313 # Number of ops (including micro ops) committed
system.cpu.num_int_alu_accesses 10204 # Number of integer alu accesses
system.cpu.num_fp_alu_accesses 0 # Number of float alu accesses
system.cpu.num_vec_alu_accesses 0 # Number of vector alu accesses
system.cpu.num_func_calls 221 # number of times a function call or return occured
system.cpu.num_conditional_control_insts 986 # number of instructions that are conditional controls
system.cpu.num_int_insts 10204 # number of integer instructions
system.cpu.num_fp_insts 0 # number of float instructions
system.cpu.num_vec_insts 0 # number of vector instructions
system.cpu.num_int_register_reads 19293 # number of times the integer registers were read
system.cpu.num_int_register_writes 7976 # number of times the integer registers were written
system.cpu.num_fp_register_reads 0 # number of times the floating registers were read
system.cpu.num_fp_register_writes 0 # number of times the floating registers were written
system.cpu.num_vec_register_reads 0 # number of times the vector registers were read
system.cpu.num_vec_register_writes 0 # number of times the vector registers were written
system.cpu.num_cc_register_reads 7020 # number of times the CC registers were read
system.cpu.num_cc_register_writes 3825 # number of times the CC registers were written
system.cpu.num_mem_refs 2025 # number of memory refs
system.cpu.num_load_insts 1084 # Number of load instructions
system.cpu.num_store_insts 941 # Number of store instructions
system.cpu.num_idle_cycles 0 # Number of idle cycles
system.cpu.num_busy_cycles 507841 # Number of busy cycles
system.cpu.not_idle_fraction 1 # Percentage of non-idle cycles
system.cpu.idle_fraction 0 # Percentage of idle cycles
system.cpu.Branches 1306 # Number of branches fetched
